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the future

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ever wonder what it's going to be like

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20 30 or even 40 years from now

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hello

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and welcome to future path

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i'm amariko forrestery director of

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external affairs at the nasa lewis

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research center in cleveland ohio

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in the future we all know our clothes

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will change our hairstyles will change

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and even the music we listen to will

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change

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but how will the technology that's being

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developed today affect our lifestyles in

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the future

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for a long time nasa's been concerned

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with developing aircraft that will fly

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further higher and faster but more

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recently our concern has changed to

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flying aircraft with greater fuel

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efficiency and protecting our air

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quality

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nasa is developing a propulsion system

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which involves both the jet engine and

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advanced propellers it's called the

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advanced turboprop system and shown here

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the advanced turboprop project combines

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the efficiency of the propeller

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with the power of the turbine

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this technology base provides for the

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future development of the single

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rotation and counter rotation turboprop

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propulsion systems

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the idea is to reduce fuel consumption

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in both military and commercial aircraft

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the initial concept for the advanced

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turboprop system

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first came about in the mid-1970s due to

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the opec oil embargo and the sharp rise

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in fuel prices

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the fuel burned in a 727 or 737 jet

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aircraft can be reduced by as much as 50

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with a propeller driven aircraft

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advanced turboprop propellers are very

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different from traditional propeller

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designs

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they are very highly swept and very thin

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there are eight to ten blades rather

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than a three or four blades that we are

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used to seeing

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we therefore get more power in a smaller

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diameter

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it allows us to fly faster up to 600

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miles per hour and at a much higher

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altitude

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around 35 000 feet

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the noise levels of this new turboprop

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are much less than the traditional

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propeller or turboprop aircraft

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there have been three series of flight

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tests in the advanced turboprop project

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won the nasa ge boeing flight tests of

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the counter-rotating unducted fan on a

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b-727 aircraft

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two the nasa lockheed prop band tests of

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a single rotation advanced turboprop on

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a gulfstream two aircraft and three the

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ge mcdonald douglas tests on an md-80

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these tests verified the readiness of

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the advanced turboprop project for

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commercial engine development

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another way nasa is helping the aviation

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industry to a more efficient future

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another form of a propulsion system is

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when you think of diesel engines you

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probably think of certain types of cars

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or heavy trucks barreling down the

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highway

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but technology developed by nasa is

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currently creating breakthroughs in

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aircraft diesel engines

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nasa is also designing remarkable

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improvements for diesel engines and

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trucks

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enthusiasm for the development of diesel

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engines is reaching pre-world war two

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levels

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that's when diesel engine technology was

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very popular for its endurance and

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altitude records set on long distance

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flights

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although the war halted further

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development of aircraft diesel engines

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work on the engines continued again well

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after the war

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the united states army is developing and

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designing diesel engines for helicopters

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various industries throughout the world

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are planning to develop aircraft diesel

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and diesel engines used in heavy-duty

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trucks are being improved upon by the

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department of energy diesel engines are

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primarily used when high power is needed

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and fuel consumption and durability are

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of concern trucks stationary power

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plants large ships even tug boats use

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diesel engines

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a man who sees a bright future in diesel

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technology is mr william wintucky

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mr wintucky who has done much research

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on aviation diesel is involved with a

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number of projects at nasa lewis

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research center aimed at improving

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diesel engines

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joint research is underway involving

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nasa and the department of energy to

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make diesel engines more fuel efficient

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technology to redirect fuel exhaust back

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into the engine could result in reduced

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fuel consumption of long-haul trucks by

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up to 30 percent

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mr wintucky explains the difference

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between diesel engines and gasoline

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engines a

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diesel engine is basically the same as a

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gasoline engine except for the

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combustion process

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is that

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as

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the fuel is compressed by the piston

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the temperature is raised

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to a point where ignition

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is started by the heat of compression

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from the piston

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in

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the

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gasoline engine

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the combustion is controlled by a spark

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plug

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and ignition

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is controlled when you want it started

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by an electrical

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impulse which discharges through the

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spark plug

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in the case of the diesel engine

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when the fuel is raised to its auto

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ignition temperature

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the fuel ignites throughout the

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combustion chamber

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at the same time and therefore

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the pressure rises very rapidly just

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like an explosion and as a matter of

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fact is an explosion

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and that's why sometimes

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when you hear a diesel engine going down

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the street and it sounds like it's

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knocking you are actually hearing the

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explosions of the combustion process

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because of the

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explosions or very rapid pressure rises

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in the diesel combustion chamber the

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walls of the chamber have to be thicker

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and also the bearings have to be larger

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overall the engine must be much stronger

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to design for the explosions

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why develop better diesel engines and

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why create one for aircraft

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diesel fuel which is oil can be produced

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from a wide variety of sources such as

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of all things sunflower oil or peanut

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oil

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also diesel fuel is safer

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because it does not ignite on its own

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absence of an electrical ignition system

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eliminated radio interference another

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safety factor for aircraft diesels

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the desire to use the fuel-efficient

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diesel engine in aircraft is not new

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interest in aircraft diesel engines goes

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back as almost as far as internal

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combustion engine gasoline engines

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dating back to 1911.

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the main reason

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that

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diesel engines were considered for

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aircraft use very early on

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was at that time

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all of the gasoline engines were

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carbureted

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and one of the main problems that

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aircraft had

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was

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icing

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and

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with diesel fuel since the fuel was

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injected directly into the cylinder

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there was no problem with carburetor

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icing or ice forming in the carburetor

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stopping the fuel flow and of course

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stopping the engine

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a second and almost important reason was

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the fact that diesel fuel does not auto

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ignite

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which was a problem in the early days

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of aircraft

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auto ignition

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is the process where the fuel ignites

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spontaneously or without any external

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source

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in the case of gasoline gasoline

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vaporizes very easily

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and

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the vapors are very combustible

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with diesel fuel diesel fuel does not

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vaporize very easily and stays as a

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liquid so therefore it is a much safer

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fuel to use

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the diesel or compression ignition

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engine was first designed by dr rudolph

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diesel of germany

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by 1897 the first commercially practical

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diesel was put into use in the form of

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an industrial engine

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about 1910 the heavy slow speed diesel

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engines were replaced with higher speed

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lightweight engines which provided a

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major step toward aviation diesel use

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in nineteen thirty one the nine cylinder

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packard diesel built in the u.s set and

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still holds the world diesel flight

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endurance record of 84 hours and 35

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minutes without refueling

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credit for originating the diesel

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aircraft engine is given to germany's dr

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hugo junkers

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dr junkers was interested in development

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of

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a diesel engine

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to power

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commercial

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aircraft

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at the time

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there were no transatlantic flights

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because

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gasoline-powered aircraft could not

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carry enough fuel to cross the atlantic

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and still have enough

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room left for payload and the diesel

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engine

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to have the fuel efficiency that would

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allow

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transatlantic flight and still have room

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to carry either mail or payload

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so in conjunction with lufthansa

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the junkers joomla

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engine was developed

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and installed on

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a number of flying votes which lufthansa

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entered into transatlantic service from

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the azores to south america in 1936.

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the jumo continued operating until the

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outbreak of world war ii when production

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turned to the more easily designed and

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constructed gasoline engines from

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military aircraft

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the british developed the last major

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aircraft diesel engine which used a

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turbine to give it more power

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mr wintucky gives us some insight into

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the most fuel-efficient engine ever

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flown british napier nomad engine was

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very unique

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it was really a

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very high performance turbocharger

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in that

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the exhaust gases from the engine

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the diesel portion

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were ducted into

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a fan-like turbine

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which then drove the compressor

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which

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compressed air

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and put it into the inlet of the diesel

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engine

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this raised the

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overall pressure in the engine and

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allowed it to produce more power for

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the given size of engine that it was

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and in many cases

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engines will produce two three and even

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four times as much power when

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turbocharged versus when they just have

293
00:12:19,190 --> 00:12:16,800
a carburetor on them as would be in your

294
00:12:21,910 --> 00:12:19,200
normal automobile engine

295
00:12:23,590 --> 00:12:21,920
turbocharged diesel engines for aircraft

296
00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:23,600
are making a comeback

297
00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:26,560
nasa research has inspired the us army

298
00:12:31,190 --> 00:12:29,200
to develop the technology to use diesel

299
00:12:34,310 --> 00:12:31,200
engines in helicopters

300
00:12:35,670 --> 00:12:34,320
early in the 1980s the army did a number

301
00:12:37,350 --> 00:12:35,680
of studies

302
00:12:40,629 --> 00:12:37,360
in looking at

303
00:12:42,069 --> 00:12:40,639
engines for light helicopter use

304
00:12:42,870 --> 00:12:42,079
and they found

305
00:12:44,310 --> 00:12:42,880
that

306
00:12:46,710 --> 00:12:44,320
through the use of a very highly

307
00:12:49,430 --> 00:12:46,720
turbocharged diesel engine they could

308
00:12:52,069 --> 00:12:49,440
get an increase of up to 50 percent in

309
00:12:53,829 --> 00:12:52,079
range or a payload that a helicopter

310
00:12:54,949 --> 00:12:53,839
could carry

311
00:12:56,790 --> 00:12:54,959
and since

312
00:13:00,150 --> 00:12:56,800
for the army

313
00:13:03,670 --> 00:13:00,160
fuel represents up to 70 percent

314
00:13:06,629 --> 00:13:03,680
of the amount of supplies that has to be

315
00:13:08,389 --> 00:13:06,639
transported to the battlefield

316
00:13:13,190 --> 00:13:08,399
a 50

317
00:13:16,230 --> 00:13:13,200
increase in payload

318
00:13:19,430 --> 00:13:16,240
represents a tremendous savings to the

319
00:13:22,470 --> 00:13:19,440
army and a reduction in a logistics

320
00:13:24,150 --> 00:13:22,480
problem so the army was very much

321
00:13:26,870 --> 00:13:24,160
interested in

322
00:13:27,910 --> 00:13:26,880
the use of the diesel engine to

323
00:13:30,230 --> 00:13:27,920
lower

324
00:13:33,990 --> 00:13:30,240
part of its fuel requirements

325
00:13:36,949 --> 00:13:34,000
the army really took the expertise that

326
00:13:38,710 --> 00:13:36,959
nasa had developed

327
00:13:40,629 --> 00:13:38,720
during the time

328
00:13:42,069 --> 00:13:40,639
that it was looking at the aircraft

329
00:13:45,110 --> 00:13:42,079
diesel engine

330
00:13:47,750 --> 00:13:45,120
and is now using this expertise in its

331
00:13:50,150 --> 00:13:47,760
own program the engine being developed

332
00:13:53,350 --> 00:13:50,160
by the army for helicopters is expected

333
00:13:55,189 --> 00:13:53,360
to be operating by the mid 1990s

334
00:13:57,430 --> 00:13:55,199
and work is being done to develop

335
00:13:59,990 --> 00:13:57,440
materials and lubricants able to

336
00:14:02,710 --> 00:14:00,000
withstand the high temperatures high

337
00:14:04,150 --> 00:14:02,720
speed and high pressure of an aircraft

338
00:14:05,509 --> 00:14:04,160
diesel engine

339
00:14:07,910 --> 00:14:05,519
the

340
00:14:08,949 --> 00:14:07,920
oil that you use in your car

341
00:14:11,910 --> 00:14:08,959
runs

342
00:14:16,389 --> 00:14:15,350
about 350 degrees fahrenheit

343
00:14:18,230 --> 00:14:16,399
whereas

344
00:14:19,750 --> 00:14:18,240
in the engine

345
00:14:21,750 --> 00:14:19,760
for

346
00:14:24,629 --> 00:14:21,760
the helicopter we're talking about

347
00:14:26,470 --> 00:14:24,639
running as high as 800 degrees

348
00:14:28,150 --> 00:14:26,480
fahrenheit

349
00:14:29,430 --> 00:14:28,160
there is no

350
00:14:31,110 --> 00:14:29,440
oil now

351
00:14:33,590 --> 00:14:31,120
commercially available that will

352
00:14:35,509 --> 00:14:33,600
withstand these temperatures

353
00:14:38,310 --> 00:14:35,519
there are lubricants

354
00:14:40,310 --> 00:14:38,320
that can operate at these temperatures

355
00:14:42,389 --> 00:14:40,320
but they cost thousands of dollars and

356
00:14:43,670 --> 00:14:42,399
the goal of our program

357
00:14:46,150 --> 00:14:43,680
is to

358
00:14:48,230 --> 00:14:46,160
develop new lubricants that will be

359
00:14:49,750 --> 00:14:48,240
economically feasible

360
00:14:51,750 --> 00:14:49,760
and

361
00:14:54,870 --> 00:14:51,760
operate within the temperature

362
00:14:57,350 --> 00:14:54,880
limitations that are required to produce

363
00:14:59,350 --> 00:14:57,360
the power for this engine

364
00:15:01,829 --> 00:14:59,360
it is hoped the united states army's

365
00:15:04,470 --> 00:15:01,839
efforts with diesel technology will

366
00:15:07,670 --> 00:15:04,480
result in a safer more fuel efficient

367
00:15:10,150 --> 00:15:07,680
and economical helicopter fleet

368
00:15:12,870 --> 00:15:10,160
the diesel engine's low fuel consumption

369
00:15:15,829 --> 00:15:12,880
feature is valuable to countries such as

370
00:15:19,350 --> 00:15:15,839
italy and japan where fuel is very

371
00:15:21,910 --> 00:15:19,360
costly and also to the ussr where

372
00:15:24,629 --> 00:15:21,920
long-range flights abound

373
00:15:26,629 --> 00:15:24,639
decades ago scientists were able to see

374
00:15:27,829 --> 00:15:26,639
the promise of diesel engines in

375
00:15:30,389 --> 00:15:27,839
aircraft

376
00:15:33,189 --> 00:15:30,399
the previous work is the firm foundation

377
00:15:36,310 --> 00:15:33,199
on which today's research can stand

378
00:15:39,189 --> 00:15:36,320
research that nasa and people such as mr

379
00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:39,199
wintucky believe is important and could

380
00:15:43,590 --> 00:15:42,160
result in 21st century aircraft diesel

381
00:15:45,189 --> 00:15:43,600
engines

382
00:15:47,189 --> 00:15:45,199
now let's talk about another engine

383
00:15:55,350 --> 00:15:47,199
you've probably never even heard of the

384
00:16:00,389 --> 00:15:57,110
as part of the work being done in

385
00:16:02,710 --> 00:16:00,399
today's dynamic aerospace industry nasa

386
00:16:05,350 --> 00:16:02,720
lewis research center is further

387
00:16:07,990 --> 00:16:05,360
developing a rather remarkable engine

388
00:16:09,910 --> 00:16:08,000
which was invented surprisingly way back

389
00:16:12,870 --> 00:16:09,920
in 1816

390
00:16:14,949 --> 00:16:12,880
named after robert sterling its inventor

391
00:16:17,269 --> 00:16:14,959
the sterling engine very well could be

392
00:16:19,829 --> 00:16:17,279
the most exciting and efficient new type

393
00:16:22,870 --> 00:16:19,839
of energy conversion device in space

394
00:16:24,710 --> 00:16:22,880
within the foreseeable future already

395
00:16:27,110 --> 00:16:24,720
the engine has been developed and tested

396
00:16:29,350 --> 00:16:27,120
successfully as an automotive engine

397
00:16:30,550 --> 00:16:29,360
using less fuel than the car engines we

398
00:16:32,310 --> 00:16:30,560
use now

399
00:16:36,230 --> 00:16:32,320
and the sterling engine can use a

400
00:16:39,910 --> 00:16:36,240
variety of fuels gasoline diesel fuel

401
00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:39,920
alcohol kerosene and others

402
00:16:43,749 --> 00:16:41,680
during this report though we will

403
00:16:46,230 --> 00:16:43,759
explore this fascinating engine in its

404
00:16:49,030 --> 00:16:46,240
possible uses in space

405
00:16:51,110 --> 00:16:49,040
logically we begin by asking how does

406
00:16:53,670 --> 00:16:51,120
the sterling engine work

407
00:16:55,509 --> 00:16:53,680
simply put the engine works because of a

408
00:16:58,069 --> 00:16:55,519
difference in temperature

409
00:16:59,189 --> 00:16:58,079
one end is kept hot while the other is

410
00:17:01,509 --> 00:16:59,199
cold

411
00:17:03,509 --> 00:17:01,519
within the engine a displacer piston

412
00:17:05,350 --> 00:17:03,519
moves gas from the hot end to the cold

413
00:17:08,549 --> 00:17:05,360
end and back again

414
00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:08,559
as that gas moves its pressure changes

415
00:17:13,750 --> 00:17:11,120
when the pressure is high the gas pushes

416
00:17:14,949 --> 00:17:13,760
against a power piston causing an output

417
00:17:16,829 --> 00:17:14,959
of energy

418
00:17:19,189 --> 00:17:16,839
since the heat input is supplied

419
00:17:22,470 --> 00:17:19,199
externally anything that will burn or

420
00:17:25,510 --> 00:17:22,480
make heat such as solar or nuclear power

421
00:17:28,069 --> 00:17:25,520
fossil or gaseous fuels or even garbage

422
00:17:30,230 --> 00:17:28,079
will make the sterling engine run

423
00:17:31,990 --> 00:17:30,240
nasa is working to develop materials

424
00:17:33,669 --> 00:17:32,000
that can withstand extremely high

425
00:17:36,150 --> 00:17:33,679
temperatures to be used in the

426
00:17:38,549 --> 00:17:36,160
construction of the sterling engine

427
00:17:41,350 --> 00:17:38,559
there are two kinds of sterling engines

428
00:17:43,750 --> 00:17:41,360
the kinematic and the free piston

429
00:17:46,630 --> 00:17:43,760
the free piston shows the most promise

430
00:17:48,630 --> 00:17:46,640
as a source of electric power in space

431
00:17:51,270 --> 00:17:48,640
this concept is relatively new

432
00:17:53,750 --> 00:17:51,280
approximately 25 years old

433
00:17:55,909 --> 00:17:53,760
in their basic form both types have a

434
00:17:58,230 --> 00:17:55,919
piston and a displacer

435
00:18:00,390 --> 00:17:58,240
in the kinematic engine the piston and

436
00:18:01,590 --> 00:18:00,400
displacer are connected to other parts

437
00:18:03,909 --> 00:18:01,600
of the engine

438
00:18:05,990 --> 00:18:03,919
but in the free piston the piston and

439
00:18:08,549 --> 00:18:06,000
displacer are not physically connected

440
00:18:11,270 --> 00:18:08,559
to anything and move solely by forces

441
00:18:14,070 --> 00:18:11,280
and pressures within the engine

442
00:18:16,870 --> 00:18:14,080
at nasa's sterling engine project office

443
00:18:18,630 --> 00:18:16,880
jim dudenhofer special project manager

444
00:18:21,350 --> 00:18:18,640
had this to say about the sterling

445
00:18:24,150 --> 00:18:21,360
suitability for use in space

446
00:18:26,549 --> 00:18:24,160
so we have gas bearings

447
00:18:28,470 --> 00:18:26,559
to eliminate friction and wear

448
00:18:31,029 --> 00:18:28,480
we have a totally hermetically sealed

449
00:18:33,909 --> 00:18:31,039
unit which helps us with gas leakage and

450
00:18:35,510 --> 00:18:33,919
permeation in the long term bear in mind

451
00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:35,520
we're talking about an engine when we

452
00:18:39,510 --> 00:18:37,760
talk about space that must live out

453
00:18:41,669 --> 00:18:39,520
there without a mechanic for anywhere

454
00:18:43,830 --> 00:18:41,679
from seven to twenty years

455
00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:43,840
and so long life and and good

456
00:18:47,909 --> 00:18:45,440
maintainability

457
00:18:48,950 --> 00:18:47,919
uh are essential for a space power

458
00:18:51,590 --> 00:18:48,960
engine

459
00:18:53,830 --> 00:18:51,600
nasa lewis research center continues its

460
00:18:55,830 --> 00:18:53,840
work with the sterling engine as part of

461
00:18:58,070 --> 00:18:55,840
a project called the civil space

462
00:18:59,909 --> 00:18:58,080
technology initiative

463
00:19:02,950 --> 00:18:59,919
the purpose is to develop various

464
00:19:06,390 --> 00:19:02,960
technologies for future use in space

465
00:19:08,470 --> 00:19:06,400
until about 1985 there were free piston

466
00:19:10,630 --> 00:19:08,480
sterling machines that could generate

467
00:19:11,990 --> 00:19:10,640
only a maximum of three kilowatts of

468
00:19:14,870 --> 00:19:12,000
electricity

469
00:19:17,190 --> 00:19:14,880
nasa in trying to increase power output

470
00:19:19,909 --> 00:19:17,200
developed with mechanical technology

471
00:19:21,190 --> 00:19:19,919
incorporated a 25 kilowatt electric

472
00:19:23,909 --> 00:19:21,200
machine

473
00:19:26,630 --> 00:19:23,919
now nasa is trying to find out how much

474
00:19:28,870 --> 00:19:26,640
larger sterling engines can be made

475
00:19:31,830 --> 00:19:28,880
initial studies indicate power levels as

476
00:19:33,990 --> 00:19:31,840
high as 500 kilowatts per machine and

477
00:19:36,310 --> 00:19:34,000
possibly even higher

478
00:19:38,789 --> 00:19:36,320
and finally why develop the sterling

479
00:19:41,190 --> 00:19:38,799
engine now when already power has been

480
00:19:42,230 --> 00:19:41,200
generated in space in other ways for

481
00:19:45,510 --> 00:19:42,240
years

482
00:19:47,510 --> 00:19:45,520
jim dudenha for answers space technology

483
00:19:50,710 --> 00:19:47,520
is growing by leaps and bounds and

484
00:19:53,029 --> 00:19:50,720
instead of needing hundreds of watts

485
00:19:54,470 --> 00:19:53,039
in space we are now are going to be

486
00:19:56,070 --> 00:19:54,480
we're on the threshold of needing

487
00:19:58,710 --> 00:19:56,080
millions of watts

488
00:20:00,470 --> 00:19:58,720
if we're going to colonize mars if we're

489
00:20:02,950 --> 00:20:00,480
going to colonize the moon if we're

490
00:20:05,510 --> 00:20:02,960
going to manufacture in space

491
00:20:06,950 --> 00:20:05,520
we need tremendous amounts of electrical

492
00:20:10,390 --> 00:20:06,960
power

493
00:20:12,230 --> 00:20:10,400
photovoltaics simply become too large

494
00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:12,240
the great big solar panels that we're

495
00:20:17,990 --> 00:20:14,720
all accustomed to seeing simply become

496
00:20:19,990 --> 00:20:18,000
too large they're too difficult to move

497
00:20:22,390 --> 00:20:20,000
they have some limitations in polar

498
00:20:24,630 --> 00:20:22,400
orbits because of the the problems

499
00:20:27,110 --> 00:20:24,640
encountered with the van allen radiation

500
00:20:30,870 --> 00:20:29,430
solar dynamic machines of which sterling

501
00:20:33,270 --> 00:20:30,880
is one

502
00:20:36,789 --> 00:20:33,280
can operate any place that there is a

503
00:20:38,630 --> 00:20:36,799
source of heat be it the the sun

504
00:20:40,470 --> 00:20:38,640
be it nuclear

505
00:20:42,230 --> 00:20:40,480
a sterling engine wants its supplied

506
00:20:45,029 --> 00:20:42,240
heat can function

507
00:20:47,350 --> 00:20:45,039
and it can produce large amounts of of

508
00:20:49,990 --> 00:20:47,360
electrical power output in a relatively

509
00:20:51,909 --> 00:20:50,000
small and lightweight package

510
00:20:53,750 --> 00:20:51,919
and that's our purpose for being

511
00:20:56,070 --> 00:20:53,760
involved in this type of technology

512
00:20:58,549 --> 00:20:56,080
development work the amazing sterling

513
00:21:01,190 --> 00:20:58,559
engine one of the most efficient heat

514
00:21:03,669 --> 00:21:01,200
engines made and just one of the many

515
00:21:06,070 --> 00:21:03,679
technologies being developed today at

516
00:21:07,430 --> 00:21:06,080
nasa lewis research center

517
00:21:08,789 --> 00:21:07,440
now that we have a background on

518
00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:08,799
understanding how the sterling engine

519
00:21:11,669 --> 00:21:09,760
works

520
00:21:13,190 --> 00:21:11,679
let's view a short animated piece on the

521
00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:13,200
development of the sterling engine for

522
00:21:17,190 --> 00:21:14,960
its use in space

523
00:21:19,430 --> 00:21:17,200
the free piston sterling engine effort

524
00:21:22,950 --> 00:21:19,440
is directed at high efficiency

525
00:21:25,590 --> 00:21:22,960
long life and a high specific power

526
00:21:26,950 --> 00:21:25,600
to meet nasa's needs for future space

527
00:21:29,590 --> 00:21:26,960
missions

528
00:21:32,870 --> 00:21:29,600
the successful tests of the 25 kilowatt

529
00:21:35,430 --> 00:21:32,880
space power demonstrator engine at 650

530
00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:35,440
degrees k in 1985

531
00:21:41,190 --> 00:21:38,720
completed phase one

532
00:21:43,510 --> 00:21:41,200
phase two of the three-phase sterling

533
00:21:46,230 --> 00:21:43,520
program is now underway

534
00:21:49,510 --> 00:21:46,240
leading to the design fabrication and

535
00:21:51,750 --> 00:21:49,520
testing of a 1050 degree kelvin super

536
00:21:53,590 --> 00:21:51,760
alloy sterling engine

537
00:21:55,590 --> 00:21:53,600
this is one of several conceptual

538
00:21:57,909 --> 00:21:55,600
designs

539
00:21:59,830 --> 00:21:57,919
the successful development of the 1050k

540
00:22:02,789 --> 00:21:59,840
experimental sterling engine provides a

541
00:22:04,950 --> 00:22:02,799
low cost basis for the low risk future

542
00:22:09,190 --> 00:22:04,960
development of the phase three

543
00:22:10,950 --> 00:22:09,200
refractory alloy 1300k engine

544
00:22:13,750 --> 00:22:10,960
it will also provide a variable

545
00:22:16,630 --> 00:22:13,760
alternative power conversion system for

546
00:22:21,510 --> 00:22:16,640
an early flight demonstration of the s p

547
00:22:23,830 --> 00:22:21,520
100 nuclear space power reactor

548
00:22:26,789 --> 00:22:23,840
the performance objectives of a typical

549
00:22:29,750 --> 00:22:26,799
single cylinder design are

550
00:22:33,830 --> 00:22:29,760
alternator output 25 kilowatts of

551
00:22:41,590 --> 00:22:36,470
engine efficiency

552
00:22:47,590 --> 00:22:43,270
inlet temperature

553
00:22:54,310 --> 00:22:49,230
outlet temperature

554
00:23:00,070 --> 00:22:55,669
working fluid

555
00:23:07,190 --> 00:23:03,190
engine alternator frequency

556
00:23:12,149 --> 00:23:09,190
specific mass

557
00:23:14,630 --> 00:23:12,159
6.4 kilograms per kilowatt of

558
00:23:16,789 --> 00:23:14,640
electricity

559
00:23:20,070 --> 00:23:16,799
operational life

560
00:23:22,470 --> 00:23:20,080
over seven years

561
00:23:25,830 --> 00:23:22,480
with lessons learned in the 650 phase 1

562
00:23:28,710 --> 00:23:25,840
engine program the super alloy phase 2

563
00:23:31,750 --> 00:23:28,720
engine is being confidently designed for

564
00:23:35,590 --> 00:23:31,760
high performance and long life with

565
00:23:37,590 --> 00:23:35,600
current nickel base super alloys

566
00:23:40,149 --> 00:23:37,600
the free piston sterling engine achieves

567
00:23:43,350 --> 00:23:40,159
its high performance in part due to its

568
00:23:45,669 --> 00:23:43,360
simplicity of design and operation

569
00:23:48,070 --> 00:23:45,679
its major features are

570
00:23:51,110 --> 00:23:48,080
the heat exchanger assembly which will

571
00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:51,120
have only 40 heater cooler modules to

572
00:23:55,350 --> 00:23:53,120
significantly reduce the number of

573
00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:55,360
welded tube joints

574
00:24:02,149 --> 00:23:59,200
the displacer one of three moving parts

575
00:24:03,590 --> 00:24:02,159
is a five kilogram piston floating on a

576
00:24:05,669 --> 00:24:03,600
film of helium

577
00:24:08,230 --> 00:24:05,679
and shuttles the working fluid from the

578
00:24:11,909 --> 00:24:08,240
hot expansion space to the coal

579
00:24:13,830 --> 00:24:11,919
compression space and vice versa

580
00:24:16,310 --> 00:24:13,840
the reciprocating action of the 12

581
00:24:19,269 --> 00:24:16,320
kilogram power piston caused by the

582
00:24:21,909 --> 00:24:19,279
working fluid produces electrical power

583
00:24:23,990 --> 00:24:21,919
in the linear alternator

584
00:24:26,390 --> 00:24:24,000
the 12 kilogram balance piston

585
00:24:29,190 --> 00:24:26,400
oscillates to fully counteract the

586
00:24:31,110 --> 00:24:29,200
combined vibrations of the displacer and

587
00:24:33,750 --> 00:24:31,120
power pistons

588
00:24:36,230 --> 00:24:33,760
alternate engine designs employ opposed

589
00:24:40,310 --> 00:24:36,240
sets of pistons synchronized to

590
00:24:42,470 --> 00:24:40,320
eliminate the need for a balanced piston

591
00:24:44,549 --> 00:24:42,480
magnets in the power piston oscillate

592
00:24:47,510 --> 00:24:44,559
through the stator laminations to

593
00:24:49,990 --> 00:24:47,520
produce alternating current

594
00:24:52,870 --> 00:24:50,000
the pressure volume diagram shows the

595
00:24:55,029 --> 00:24:52,880
cyclic variation of pressure and volume

596
00:24:57,110 --> 00:24:55,039
in the working space between the power

597
00:24:59,590 --> 00:24:57,120
and displacer pistons

598
00:25:02,230 --> 00:24:59,600
the area enclosed by this diagram is

599
00:25:04,310 --> 00:25:02,240
indicative of the engine's thermodynamic

600
00:25:06,310 --> 00:25:04,320
power

601
00:25:09,269 --> 00:25:06,320
the following computer-generated

602
00:25:10,789 --> 00:25:09,279
animation shows relative motions of the

603
00:25:12,870 --> 00:25:10,799
three pistons

604
00:25:15,110 --> 00:25:12,880
for clarity their speeds have been

605
00:25:19,190 --> 00:25:15,120
greatly reduced from the normal 90

606
00:25:21,430 --> 00:25:19,200
cycles per second operating frequency

607
00:25:23,430 --> 00:25:21,440
we hope you've enjoyed our program i'm

608
00:25:25,830 --> 00:25:23,440
america forester hoping you'll walk with

609
00:25:27,990 --> 00:25:25,840
me again along the future path at the

610
00:25:59,669 --> 00:25:28,000
nasa lewis research center in cleveland

611
00:25:59,679 --> 00:27:47,430
so

612
00:27:47,440 --> 00:28:13,750
oh

613
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:27,590
so

614
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:32,149
too

615
00:28:38,230 --> 00:28:35,990
sink rate is now uh 70 feet per second

616
00:28:41,510 --> 00:28:38,240
here are down

617
00:28:47,830 --> 00:28:44,470
uh 86 feet

618
00:28:50,230 --> 00:28:47,840
gear down and locked and we have

619
00:28:51,430 --> 00:28:50,240
touchdown at mission elapsed time seven

620
00:28:53,190 --> 00:28:51,440
days

621
00:28:55,350 --> 00:28:53,200
one hour